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(全文 1) |
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(全文 3) |
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(全文 5) |
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PART 1 Popular ideas about language |
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2 The equality of languages |
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3 The magic of language |
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4 The functions of language |
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5 Language and thought |
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PART II Language and identity |
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7 Psychological identity |
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8 Geographical identity |
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9 Ethnic and national identity |
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10 Social identity |
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11 Contextual identity |
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12 Stylistic identity and literature |
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PART III The structure of language |
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14 Typology and universals |
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15 The statistical str.llcture of language |
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16 Grammar |
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17 SemanticsSemantics is the study of meaning in language. The term did not come to be widely used |
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18 DictionariesA dictionary is a reference book that lists the words of one or more languages, usually in alphabetical order, |
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19 NamesA name is a word or phrase that identifies a specific person, place, or thing. We see the entity as an individual, |
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20 Discourse and textThe traditional concern of linguistic analysis has been the construction of sentences (**16); |
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21 PragmaticsPragmatics studies the factors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of |
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PARTIV The medium of language: speakingand listeningThe core of language study is the analysis of mean-ing and its grammatical expression - matters that are treated under the heading of |
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23 The acoustics of speechSound energy is a pressure wave consisting of vib-rations of molecules in an elastic medium - such as a gas, |
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24 The instrumental analysis of speechA vast array of instruments is today available for the study of speech production. A well-equipped phonetics laboratory includes |
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25 Speech reception |
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26 Speech interaction with machinesIs it possible to construct machines that will talk and understand speech? As early as the 18th cen-tury, |
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27 The sounds of speechThe description and classification of speech sounds is the main aim of phonetic science, or phonetics. |
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28 The linguistic use of soundPhonetics is the study of how speech sounds are made, transmitted, and received (**27). It is a sub-ject |
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29 SuprasegmentalsIt ain't what you say, but the way that you say it.' This familiar comment, immortalized in song, |
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30 Sound symbolismIt is an accepted principle of phonetic study that individual sounds do not have meanings: |
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PARTV The medium of language: unitingand readingThere is a curious ambiguity about the study of written language: certain aspects, such as |
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32 Graphic expressionIt is traditional in language study to distinguish 'spoken' from 'written' language; but the latter term does not |
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33 GraphologyGraphology, in its linguistic sense, is the study of the systems of symbols that have been devised to communicate |
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34 The process of reading and writing |
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PART VI The medium Of language:signing and seeing |
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36 Sign language structure |
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37 Types of sign language |
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PART VII Child language acquisitionThe study of how children learn to speak has proved to be one of the most |
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39 The first year |
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40 Phonological developmentBy the time children are year old,they have learned great deal about the way adults |
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41 Grammatical devlopment |
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42 Semantic developmentThe learning of vocabulary (**17) is the most noticeable feature of the early |
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43 Pragmatic developmentThe task of language acquisition requires that children learn much more than patterns |
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44 Language development in school |
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PART VIII Language, brain, and handicap |
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46 Language handicap |
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PART IX |
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48 How many speakers? |
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49 The Origins of language |
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50 Families of languages |
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51 The Indo-European family |
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52 Other families |
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53 Langeage isolatesA language isolate is a language which has no known structural or historical relationship |
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54 LanguagechangeLanguages are always in a state of flux.Change affects the way people speak as inevitably |
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55 Pidgins and CreolesPidgin languages |
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PARTX Language in the worldLanguage is the main means whereby people communicate. It is also, ironically, the main |
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57 Translating and interpretingWhen people are faced with a foreign-language barrier, the usual way round it is to find |
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58 Artificial languagesMany people believe that the foreign-language barrier can be surmounted through the use |
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59 World languagesMany people feel that the only realistic chance of breajubg the foreign-language barrier |
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60 MultilingualismPeople brought up within a western society often think that the monolingualism that forms |
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61 language planingLanguage, sooner or later, proves to be a thorn in the flesh of all who govern, whether |
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62 Foreign language learning and teachingTo many people, the most obvious way of reducing some of the power of the language barrier |
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63 Language for special purposes |
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PARTXI Language and communicationIn this final Part, the aim is to place the study of language in a broader intellectual perspective. |
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65 LinguisticsLanguage has been an object of fascination and a subject of serious enquiry for over |
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